Mosquitoes are found across every continent except Antarctica, with over 3,500 known species. Among them, a few dozen are especially important due to their role in biting humans and spreading diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika. This list covers 36 of the most common and medically significant mosquito types worldwide, highlighting their appearance, biting behavior, habitats, and the health risks they pose.
1. Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti, also called the yellow fever mosquito, is one of the most well-known mosquito species due to its role in spreading serious diseases. It is active during the daytime and commonly found in urban and semi-urban areas, breeding in clean, stagnant water.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small black body with white markings
- White banded legs
- Lyre-shaped silver pattern on thorax
- Slender, narrow wings
- About 4 to 7 millimeters in length
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Aedes aegypti prefers to bite during daylight hours, especially early in the morning and late in the afternoon. The females feed on human blood to develop their eggs. Unlike some other species, this mosquito may bite multiple times in a short period, increasing the chance of disease transmission.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This mosquito is one of the most dangerous globally because it transmits multiple viral diseases. These include dengue, Zika virus, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Because it thrives in densely populated areas and can breed in small amounts of water, it plays a major role in urban disease outbreaks.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
Aedes aegypti commonly breeds in artificial containers like buckets, flower pots, discarded tires, and water tanks. It favors tropical and subtropical climates but can also adapt to warmer temperate regions. Its global presence includes South America, Central America, Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and parts of the southern United States.
2. Aedes albopictus
Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is recognized for its bold black and white striped appearance. It is a highly invasive species that can adapt to both rural and urban environments. Like Aedes aegypti, it is a vector for several viral diseases.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Black body with distinct white stripes
- White line running down the center of the thorax
- Banded legs
- Smaller than 10 mm
- Fast and erratic flyer
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is an aggressive daytime biter, often active in shaded areas. The females feed on humans and other mammals. Aedes albopictus tends to bite outdoors, often near vegetation or in backyards, and can feed multiple times in one cycle.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes albopictus can transmit diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus, and various types of encephalitis. Though slightly less efficient than Aedes aegypti, its broader geographic tolerance makes it a growing health concern worldwide.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in small water-holding containers such as flower pots, tires, and clogged gutters. Originally from Southeast Asia, it has now spread to Europe, Africa, the Americas, and many Pacific islands. Its eggs can withstand cold temperatures, helping it survive in temperate climates.
3. Aedes japonicus
Aedes japonicus, also known as the Asian bush mosquito, is a container-breeding species that has spread rapidly across many parts of the world. It is known for its tolerance to cooler climates compared to other Aedes species.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Dark brown to black body
- Bronze or golden scales on the thorax
- Pale, somewhat indistinct banding on legs
- Slightly larger and bulkier than Aedes albopictus
- Smooth, rounded wings
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites mainly during the daytime and prefers wooded areas. While it is not as aggressive as some other Aedes species, it will bite humans and mammals. It is often encountered in shaded outdoor locations.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Though not yet a primary vector, Aedes japonicus has been found carrying West Nile virus, La Crosse encephalitis, and other arboviruses. Its adaptability and increasing range make it a species of concern for potential disease spread.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
Aedes japonicus prefers to lay eggs in natural and artificial containers such as tree holes, rock pools, birdbaths, and tires. Native to East Asia, it has established populations in Europe and North America, especially in temperate zones. Its cold tolerance allows it to thrive in mountainous and northern regions.
4. Aedes triseriatus
Aedes triseriatus, commonly called the eastern treehole mosquito, is native to North America and is best known for spreading La Crosse encephalitis. It breeds in natural containers like tree holes, making it common in wooded areas.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Dark brown to black body
- Silver-white scales on thorax
- No prominent stripe on the thorax like other Aedes species
- Narrow wings
- Banding on legs is faint or absent
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species is a daytime biter and is mostly active in shaded or forested environments. Females prefer mammals, including humans and squirrels, as blood sources. Biting intensity can increase in the late afternoon.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes triseriatus is the primary vector of La Crosse encephalitis virus in the United States. Though not a major global disease vector, it poses a regional threat, especially to children in rural or wooded areas.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds primarily in tree holes and occasionally in man-made containers like buckets or tires in wooded areas. Its range is mostly within the eastern and central United States. It thrives in moist forests, especially where natural containers collect rainwater.
5. Aedes vexans
Aedes vexans is one of the most widespread mosquito species in the world. It is known for its floodwater breeding habits and aggressive biting behavior. This mosquito is a nuisance species and a potential disease vector.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Brownish body with narrow white markings
- White banding on the legs and abdomen
- Wings with narrow, dark scales
- Slender build with a curved proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Aedes vexans is a crepuscular feeder, biting mostly during dusk and dawn, but it can also bite during the day. It is highly aggressive and feeds on humans and animals, often in swarms after flooding.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
While it is not a major vector for human disease, it has been found to carry several viruses such as West Nile virus, Zika virus, and Rift Valley fever in specific regions. Its aggressive behavior makes it a significant nuisance.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
This mosquito breeds in temporary floodwaters, such as roadside ditches, riverbanks, and marshes. It is found on every continent except Antarctica. Its range includes North and South America, Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. It thrives in environments where flooding is frequent.
6. Aedes sollicitans
Aedes sollicitans, often referred to as the saltmarsh mosquito, is a coastal species found primarily in saltwater marshes. It is known for its aggressive biting behavior and long-distance flight ability.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large size
- Golden-brown coloration
- White banding on legs and proboscis
- Dark thorax with pale markings
- Prominent, curved proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites mostly during dusk and dawn but may also bite during the day in shaded areas. It is a strong flier and can travel many kilometers inland to find hosts. It feeds primarily on mammals, including humans and livestock.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes sollicitans can transmit eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and dog heartworm. Its aggressive biting and mobility make it a major pest in coastal regions during peak breeding seasons.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in brackish water, particularly in coastal salt marshes. Found mainly along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, it is also present in parts of Central America and the Caribbean. Its presence is seasonal, depending on tides and rainfall.
7. Aedes canadensis
Aedes canadensis is a woodland mosquito common in North America. It prefers to breed in shaded, temporary pools and is active mainly in spring and early summer.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Dark brown to black body
- White or pale scales on thorax
- Faint banding on legs
- Slender wings with fine dark scales
- Medium size, often confused with other woodland species
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is a persistent biter and usually feeds during the day, especially in forested or shaded areas. It targets mammals, including humans, and can be found in large numbers near its breeding sites.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes canadensis has been found to carry West Nile virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus in some studies, although it is not considered a major vector. Its importance lies more in being a nuisance than a serious health threat.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary woodland pools, often filled by snowmelt or rain. Found widely across the United States and southern Canada, this species prefers cool, shaded habitats and is typically one of the first mosquitoes to appear in the spring.
8. Aedes sierrensis
Aedes sierrensis, commonly known as the western treehole mosquito, is a North American species often found in forested areas. It is best known for transmitting dog heartworm and breeding in tree holes.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Dark body with metallic green or bronze sheen
- Pale scales forming bands on legs
- Faint white markings on thorax
- Medium-sized with narrow wings
- Slightly humped thorax appearance
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites during the daytime and prefers shaded or wooded environments. It targets mammals, including humans and domestic dogs. It tends to stay close to its breeding area, limiting its range of activity.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes sierrensis is not a major human disease vector but is a primary transmitter of dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). Its role in pet health makes it a concern for dog owners in the western United States and Canada.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in tree holes, stumps, and occasionally artificial containers in wooded areas. Found along the western coast of North America, its range includes British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. It is adapted to cooler, forested regions.
9. Aedes atlanticus
Aedes atlanticus is a forest-dwelling mosquito found in the southeastern United States. It is closely related to Aedes tormentor and is known for its aggressive behavior and potential to carry viruses.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium size with dark brown to black body
- Distinctive golden or bronze scales on the thorax
- Light banding on legs and abdomen
- Long slender proboscis
- Slightly fuzzy appearance on thorax due to dense scales
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites during the day and is particularly active in early morning and late afternoon. It prefers mammals, especially humans, and can be aggressive when disturbed in shaded areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes atlanticus has been implicated in the transmission of La Crosse encephalitis and other arboviruses in lab settings. While not a major vector in the wild, its close interaction with humans in forested areas presents localized risk.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary pools, tree holes, and artificial containers in forested or rural areas. Its distribution is mainly in the southeastern United States, including Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. It thrives in warm, humid climates with tree cover.
10. Aedes scapularis
Aedes scapularis is a tropical mosquito species commonly found in Central and South America. It is known for its adaptability to both rural and urban environments and its potential to transmit various arboviruses.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large size
- Dark body with silver or white scales
- Pale banding on legs and abdomen
- Wings are darker with a subtle sheen
- Prominent eyes and long proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species is active mainly during the evening and nighttime hours, though it may bite during the day in shaded areas. It prefers mammals, including humans, and is known for biting both indoors and outdoors.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Aedes scapularis has been associated with the transmission of yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and other arboviruses in its native range. Its ability to adapt to urban environments increases its public health importance.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in both natural and artificial water containers, such as ponds, tree holes, and discarded items. Its range extends from Mexico through South America, and it has recently been reported in southern Florida, suggesting northward expansion.
11. Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles gambiae is considered the most important malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa. It is highly efficient at transmitting Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite affecting humans.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Slender, medium-sized mosquito
- Dark brown to black body with pale bands on legs
- Long palps nearly as long as the proboscis
- Wings spotted with light and dark scales
- Narrow abdomen with pointed end
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites primarily at night, usually indoors, and prefers human blood. Its stealthy approach and indoor biting behavior make it especially effective at disease transmission.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles gambiae is the most efficient vector of malaria in the world. It is directly responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Some populations have also shown resistance to common insecticides, complicating control efforts.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in shallow, sunlit pools, puddles, rice fields, and other freshwater sources. This species is native to sub-Saharan Africa and is found in both rural and urban settings. Its range is tightly linked to regions where malaria is endemic.
12. Anopheles stephensi
Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in South Asia and the Middle East. Unlike most Anopheles species, it thrives in city environments and breeds in man-made water containers.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium size
- Dark brown to black body with light and dark scales on wings
- Palps as long as the proboscis
- Pale bands on legs
- Slender abdomen with pointed tip
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species bites mostly at night, typically indoors. It prefers human blood but may also feed on animals. Its quiet flight and indoor resting behavior make it a strong malaria transmitter in densely populated areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles stephensi is a primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, causing malaria outbreaks in urban regions. Its recent spread into parts of Africa poses a growing public health threat, especially in cities previously free from urban malaria.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in water storage tanks, cisterns, and overhead tanks in urban and peri-urban areas. Native to India and the Middle East, it has expanded into the Horn of Africa, including Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Sudan, due to urbanization and water infrastructure.
13. Anopheles funestus
Anopheles funestus is one of the top malaria vectors in Africa, second only to Anopheles gambiae. It prefers permanent freshwater sources and is highly anthropophilic (human-biting).
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Dark body with long legs
- No distinct markings on thorax
- Palps long and banded
- Wings with evenly dark scales, lacking obvious spots
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Anopheles funestus bites late at night and rests indoors after feeding. It strongly prefers humans and feeds quietly, often going unnoticed. Its tendency to bite and rest inside houses contributes to its effectiveness as a malaria vector.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This mosquito is a major vector of Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for severe malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Its resistance to insecticides used in bed nets and indoor spraying has made control efforts increasingly difficult in many areas.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in permanent or semi-permanent freshwater habitats like swamps, irrigation ditches, and riverbanks with vegetation. Found widely across sub-Saharan Africa, it prefers humid climates and areas with year-round water sources.
14. Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Anopheles quadrimaculatus is a primary malaria vector in the eastern United States. Though malaria is no longer endemic in the U.S., this species remains widespread and closely studied due to its past significance.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large in size
- Dark brown body with four dark spots on each wing
- Long banded palps nearly as long as the proboscis
- Pale banding on legs is faint
- Slightly rounded abdomen
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species is a nighttime biter, primarily active during the late evening to early morning. It prefers to feed on mammals, especially humans, and usually bites indoors. It also rests indoors after feeding, making it susceptible to indoor insecticide treatments.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Historically, it was a major malaria vector in the U.S. before malaria was eradicated. While it no longer poses a malaria threat, it can transmit Plasmodium in experimental conditions. It may also carry other pathogens like heartworm in dogs.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
Anopheles quadrimaculatus breeds in freshwater environments like ponds, marshes, and rice fields. It is found across the eastern and southeastern United States. Its habitat includes rural, suburban, and agricultural areas with permanent water bodies.
15. Anopheles dirus
Anopheles dirus is an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia. It thrives in forested environments and is responsible for transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, especially among forest-dwelling populations.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium size
- Dark body with banded legs
- Mottled appearance on wings
- Long slender palps and proboscis
- Slightly arched thorax
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites primarily at night and prefers deep forest areas. It feeds almost exclusively on humans, even in low-population settings, and rests in shaded outdoor areas. Its strong preference for human hosts makes it a particularly efficient malaria vector in remote areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles dirus is one of the primary malaria vectors in forested parts of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. Its behavior and habitat make it difficult to control with conventional indoor-based interventions like bed nets.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in clean, shaded forest water bodies such as streams, pools, and rock crevices. It is found across Southeast Asia, primarily in forest ecosystems, where it supports ongoing malaria transmission among populations with limited access to healthcare.
16. Anopheles arabiensis
Anopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa. It is closely related to Anopheles gambiae and shares many of its traits, though it displays more flexibility in habitat and host preference.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Pale brown to gray body with fine scales
- Legs with pale banding
- Wings with scattered dark and light scales
- Long palps equal in length to the proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is mostly active at night, though it may bite outdoors or earlier in the evening than other Anopheles species. It feeds on both humans and animals, making it slightly less anthropophilic than Anopheles gambiae. It rests indoors and outdoors, depending on conditions.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles arabiensis is a major transmitter of Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest form of malaria. It plays a key role in malaria outbreaks in dry and semi-arid regions of Africa and often complicates control efforts due to its adaptable behavior.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in sunlit, shallow water bodies such as temporary pools, hoof prints, rice paddies, and roadside puddles. Widespread across eastern and southern Africa, it also inhabits parts of the Sahel and Horn of Africa. Its ability to tolerate drier climates makes it a versatile vector.
17. Anopheles albimanus
Anopheles albimanus is a primary malaria vector in Central America, the Caribbean, and northern parts of South America. It is one of the most studied New World Anopheles species due to its regional significance.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium-sized mosquito
- Pale white bands on legs
- White-scaled palps with dark tips
- Wings lightly mottled with pale spots
- Overall lighter appearance compared to African vectors
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species bites mainly during the evening and night. It feeds on humans and animals and may bite both indoors and outdoors. It is less selective than some African species and often rests outdoors after feeding.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles albimanus is a key vector of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the Americas. It plays a role in maintaining malaria transmission in rural, coastal, and agricultural regions of Central America and nearby islands.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in a wide variety of habitats, including brackish water, irrigation channels, ponds, and marshes. It is found throughout Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Its tolerance to brackish water is unusual among Anopheles species, allowing it to inhabit coastal areas.
18. Anopheles punctipennis
Anopheles punctipennis is a widespread mosquito species in North America. While not a primary malaria vector, it has been known to transmit Plasmodium vivax and is important in mosquito surveillance programs.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized body
- Brown to black coloring with a slightly mottled appearance
- Legs with indistinct banding
- Wings with small, dark spots
- Long palps and slender proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites both during the day and at night, particularly in shaded and wooded areas. It feeds on a variety of mammals, including humans and livestock. Unlike most Anopheles species, it may show increased activity during the daytime in certain environments.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Anopheles punctipennis is not a major malaria vector today but was historically involved in transmission in the United States. It has also been found carrying dog heartworm and some arboviruses in local studies.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in freshwater habitats, including ponds, streams, and roadside ditches. Common throughout the United States and southern Canada, it is found in forested, rural, and semi-urban environments, often near water sources with some vegetation.
19. Culex pipiens
Culex pipiens, known as the northern house mosquito, is one of the most common mosquito species in temperate climates. It is a major nuisance biter and a significant vector of West Nile virus.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium-sized mosquito
- Light brown body with darker brown thorax
- Legs and body lack distinct markings
- Rounded abdomen
- Wings are clear with no distinct scale patterns
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Culex pipiens feeds mainly at night and is known to bite both birds and humans. It prefers to rest indoors after feeding and is attracted to areas with poor drainage or standing water near homes.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This mosquito is a major vector of West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, and avian malaria. It plays a key role in transmitting diseases from birds to humans, especially in urban and suburban settings.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in polluted or stagnant water, including gutters, storm drains, septic tanks, and water barrels. Found across Europe, North America, North Africa, and parts of Asia, Culex pipiens thrives in temperate regions and is especially common in cities and residential areas.
20. Culex quinquefasciatus
Culex quinquefasciatus, also known as the southern house mosquito, is a widespread mosquito species found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for transmitting several diseases and is highly adaptable to urban environments.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Brownish body with narrow white bands on legs and abdomen
- Slightly rounded abdomen
- Unmarked wings
- Closely resembles Culex pipiens, but found in warmer climates
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is nocturnal, biting mainly from dusk to dawn. It feeds on birds, humans, and other mammals. Females are opportunistic feeders and are commonly encountered in homes, especially in areas with poor sanitation or standing water.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Culex quinquefasciatus is a key vector of West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti), which causes elephantiasis. Its close association with human dwellings increases its role in disease transmission.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in stagnant, nutrient-rich water, such as cesspools, septic tanks, and storm drains. Found throughout the southern United States, Central and South America, Africa, South Asia, and parts of Oceania, it thrives in densely populated and poorly drained areas.
21. Culex tarsalis
Culex tarsalis is a prominent mosquito species in the western United States and is best known as a major vector of West Nile virus and other encephalitis viruses.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Pale banding on legs
- White band on the proboscis
- Wings with uniform scales
- Black and white markings visible on the body under close inspection
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito feeds mainly during the evening and nighttime hours. It prefers to bite birds but will also feed on mammals, including humans, especially when bird hosts are limited. It often rests in tall grass or sheltered outdoor areas after feeding.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Culex tarsalis is an efficient vector of West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis. It plays a central role in transmitting these viruses from birds to humans and horses in western North America.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in a variety of freshwater sources such as irrigation ditches, ponds, rice fields, and marshes. Found primarily in the western and central United States, it is well adapted to agricultural areas, especially where water collects or is used for irrigation.
22. Culex restuans
Culex restuans is a common mosquito species in North America, often active early in the mosquito season. It plays a role in the early transmission cycle of West Nile virus among birds.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium size
- Brownish body with faint banding on legs
- Unmarked, narrow wings
- Similar in appearance to Culex pipiens but typically smaller
- Lacks distinctive thoracic or abdominal markings
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species bites primarily at night and prefers feeding on birds. It is less likely to bite humans unless bird hosts are unavailable. Culex restuans is often one of the first mosquitoes to emerge in spring and may act as a bridge vector during early West Nile virus cycles.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
While not a major vector for human diseases, it contributes to the enzootic transmission of West Nile virus among birds. Occasionally, it may help spread the virus to humans when host-switching occurs later in the season.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
Culex restuans breeds in a range of stagnant water habitats, including storm drains, ditches, and artificial containers. It is widespread throughout the eastern and central United States and parts of southern Canada. It thrives in both suburban and semi-rural environments.
23. Culex nigripalpus
Culex nigripalpus is a significant mosquito species in the southeastern United States and the Caribbean. It is known for spreading several types of encephalitis and for being a widespread nuisance in warm, humid climates.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium size with a dark brown to black body
- Slightly shiny thorax with fine scales
- Narrow wings with no distinct markings
- Legs and proboscis unbanded and dark
- Slender build, often confused with other Culex species
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Culex nigripalpus is primarily nocturnal but may begin biting around dusk. It feeds on both birds and mammals, including humans, and will bite outdoors and indoors. It often rests in vegetation during the day.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This mosquito is a known vector of St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). Its role in both urban and rural areas makes it a target for mosquito control programs in the southeastern U.S.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary water sources such as ditches, stormwater catch basins, and flooded fields. Found across Florida, the Gulf Coast, and into parts of the Caribbean and Central America, it is most abundant during the rainy season in humid, low-lying areas.
24. Culex salinarius
Culex salinarius is a salt-tolerant mosquito species found primarily in coastal and marshy regions. It is a competent vector of several encephalitis viruses and frequently feeds on both birds and humans.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Uniform brown coloration
- Legs and body lack distinctive banding
- Short, blunt abdomen
- Wings unmarked and narrow
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is active primarily during the evening and nighttime hours. It feeds opportunistically on birds, humans, and other mammals, making it a potential bridge vector between infected birds and people. It often bites outdoors but may enter homes to feed.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Culex salinarius is capable of transmitting West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and St. Louis encephalitis. Its feeding flexibility and saltwater habitat make it an important target in mosquito surveillance near coastal communities.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in brackish or slightly saline water found in coastal marshes, saltwater ditches, and mangroves. Common along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, it is also found in the Caribbean. It thrives in areas where freshwater and saltwater sources mix.
25. Culex stigmatosoma
Culex stigmatosoma is a western North American mosquito species that primarily feeds on birds. Though less well known than other Culex species, it plays a role in maintaining bird-virus cycles such as West Nile.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium size
- Brown body with fine scales
- Clear, narrow wings
- Slightly pointed abdomen
- No prominent banding or thoracic markings
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is mostly nocturnal and primarily feeds on birds. It rarely bites humans, making it a limited nuisance species. It plays an important ecological role in sustaining arbovirus circulation in avian populations.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Though not a major vector for human disease, Culex stigmatosoma contributes to the enzootic transmission of West Nile virus and other bird-borne pathogens in the western U.S., especially California.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in freshwater sources like marshes, ponds, irrigation channels, and artificial containers. Found mostly in California and southwestern states of the U.S., it prefers warmer climates with nearby bird populations.
26. Mansonia uniformis
Mansonia uniformis is a tropical mosquito species known for transmitting lymphatic filariasis. It has a unique breeding behavior, relying on aquatic plants for larval development.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large size
- Dark brown to black body with scattered pale scales
- Legs with distinct white bands
- Long, narrow wings
- Robust build compared to Aedes and Culex species
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Mansonia uniformis is a nighttime biter, active mostly during dusk and throughout the night. It feeds on both humans and livestock. Females are strong and persistent biters, especially in rural or marshy areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This mosquito is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, which causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis). Its role in filarial transmission makes it an important species for public health in tropical regions.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in water bodies rich in aquatic vegetation, especially where plants like water hyacinth grow. The larvae attach to plant roots to obtain oxygen. It is widespread across tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of the Indian subcontinent.
27. Mansonia africana
Mansonia africana is another important vector of lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Like other Mansonia species, it has a strong association with aquatic vegetation.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Dark body with irregular pale markings
- Pale bands on legs
- Dense body scales giving it a “hairy” appearance
- Sturdy legs and a strong thorax
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito bites primarily at night, often near wetlands or floodplains. It targets both humans and domestic animals and is considered aggressive in its feeding behavior.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Mansonia africana is a recognized vector of Wuchereria bancrofti and may also transmit arboviruses in certain areas. It is a contributor to filariasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in permanent water sources with abundant aquatic plants. Found throughout central and western Africa, it thrives in humid lowlands, rice fields, and swamps where host and breeding conditions are favorable.
28. Mansonia annulifera
Mansonia annulifera is a Southeast Asian mosquito species involved in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. Like other Mansonia species, it relies on aquatic plants for larval development.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large size
- Dark brown body with pale rings on legs
- Broad wings with dense scales
- White or yellowish bands on the proboscis
- Thick, slightly arched thorax
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species is active mainly at night, with peak biting occurring after sunset. It feeds on humans, cattle, and other large mammals. The bites are often painful due to the mosquito’s large size and deep proboscis penetration.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Mansonia annulifera is a known vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, which causes lymphatic filariasis. It may also contribute to the transmission of Japanese encephalitis in areas where it overlaps with infected pig and bird populations.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in slow-moving or stagnant water bodies with floating aquatic vegetation such as water lettuce and hyacinth. Found in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia, it thrives in tropical wetland regions.
29. Psorophora ciliata
Psorophora ciliata, commonly known as the gallinipper mosquito, is one of the largest mosquito species in North America. It is known for its painful bite and aggressive behavior.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Very large mosquito, up to 12 mm
- Yellow and black banded legs
- Strong, bristly appearance with hairy body
- Long proboscis
- Visible yellow stripes on thorax
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is a fierce and aggressive daytime biter, particularly after heavy rains. It targets large mammals, including humans, and is known for chasing prey over short distances. The bite is often described as painful due to its large size.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Though not a major disease vector, Psorophora ciliata has been found to carry West Nile virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Its primary threat is as a nuisance due to its painful bite and swarm behavior.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary floodwater pools, particularly in fields and low-lying meadows. Found throughout the eastern and southern United States, especially after summer storms or floods, it prefers warm, humid regions with frequent standing water.
30. Psorophora ferox
Psorophora ferox is a floodwater mosquito found in wooded and rural areas, especially in North and Central America. It is known for its aggressive biting and sudden population spikes after heavy rains.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Dark brown to black body with iridescent purple sheen
- Legs with distinct white banding
- Broad wings with narrow, dark scales
- Slender body with narrow abdomen
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is an aggressive biter during the day and at dusk. It feeds on mammals, including humans, and can appear in large numbers after heavy rainfall. The bite is often irritating, making it a common nuisance in affected areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Psorophora ferox has been associated with the transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and other arboviruses in laboratory conditions. While not a primary disease vector, its aggressive behavior makes it significant in areas of high mosquito activity.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary woodland pools, especially those formed after rain or flooding. Found throughout the eastern and southeastern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America, it prefers forested or semi-rural areas with moist ground.
31. Psorophora howardii
Psorophora howardii is a large and robust mosquito species found in the southeastern United States. It is known for its strong flight and painful bite, often appearing in flood-prone regions.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Large mosquito with a heavy body
- Dark brown or black with silver scales
- Legs with pale bands
- Wide wings with dense scaling
- Strong thorax with a humped shape
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is active mostly during the day and twilight hours. It bites humans and livestock aggressively and is often seen flying long distances from breeding sites to feeding areas. Its large size and persistence make it highly noticeable.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Though not a major vector of human disease, Psorophora howardii may carry some arboviruses in localized studies. Its main threat is as a nuisance species due to its size, strength, and biting intensity.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in temporary floodwaters, especially in grassy fields, pastures, and shallow roadside ditches. Found primarily in the southeastern U.S., including Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana, it thrives in areas prone to seasonal flooding and high humidity.
32. Toxorhynchites rutilus
Toxorhynchites rutilus, also known as the elephant mosquito, is unique among mosquitoes because the adults do not feed on blood. Instead, the larvae are predators of other mosquito larvae, making this species beneficial in controlling populations of pest mosquitoes.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Large, metallic blue or green body
- Iridescent scales on thorax and abdomen
- Broad, curved proboscis (used for nectar, not blood)
- Long wings with noticeable sheen
- Slender legs with no banding
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Adult Toxorhynchites rutilus do not bite or feed on blood. They feed on nectar, plant juices, and fruit, playing no role in disease transmission. The larvae are aggressive predators and feed on the larvae of Aedes and Culex species.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This species is not a disease vector. In fact, it is considered beneficial in some mosquito control programs because it helps reduce populations of disease-carrying mosquitoes in shared breeding sites.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in tree holes, tires, and water-filled containers where other mosquito larvae are present. Found mainly in the southeastern United States, it thrives in forested, humid regions and areas with abundant container habitats.
33. Coquillettidia perturbans
Coquillettidia perturbans is a wetland mosquito species known for its unusual larval behavior of attaching to plant roots for oxygen. It is a competent vector of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and other arboviruses.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium to large size
- Light brown or tan body with dark markings
- Pale bands on legs and proboscis
- Wings with scattered dark scales
- Thorax often appears spotted or mottled
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
It bites primarily during the evening and nighttime, often targeting humans and large mammals. It is a strong flier and may travel long distances from breeding sites, making it a significant nuisance in nearby communities.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This species is a known vector of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and has been implicated in the transmission of West Nile virus and other arboviruses in North America.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in permanent freshwater wetlands with abundant aquatic plants. The larvae attach to submerged roots to breathe. Common in the eastern and midwestern United States and parts of Canada, it thrives in marshes, swamps, and grassy wetland areas.
34. Culiseta melanura
Culiseta melanura is primarily a bird-biting mosquito and a significant vector of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). Though it rarely bites humans, it plays a critical role in maintaining virus cycles in bird populations.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium size with a rounded, dark body
- Dark legs with no banding
- Narrow wings with dark scales
- Shiny black thorax
- Long, slightly downward-curved proboscis
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This mosquito is most active during dusk and nighttime hours. It strongly prefers to feed on birds and rarely bites humans. It resides in forested wetlands and may rest in tree cavities during the day.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Though it does not usually bite people, Culiseta melanura is the principal enzootic vector of Eastern equine encephalitis in bird populations. Other mosquito species may later transmit the virus to humans and horses.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in freshwater swamps and wooded wetlands, particularly those with acidic water and dense vegetation. Found mainly in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, it thrives in hardwood swamp ecosystems.
35. Haemagogus janthinomys
Haemagogus janthinomys is a jungle mosquito native to Central and South America. It is a primary vector of yellow fever in forested regions and is important in the sylvatic (jungle) transmission cycle.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Medium-sized mosquito
- Bright metallic blue or purple sheen
- White or yellow banding on legs
- Long, narrow wings and slim body
- Distinct silver markings on thorax
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
This species is a daytime biter, especially active in the morning and late afternoon. It feeds primarily on monkeys and other mammals in forest canopies but will also bite humans who enter these areas.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
Haemagogus janthinomys is a key vector of sylvatic yellow fever and has also been associated with Mayaro virus transmission. It plays a critical role in initiating yellow fever outbreaks when humans enter forested environments.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in tree holes, bamboo stalks, and other natural containers in tropical rainforests. Native to Central and South America, it is found in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and other Amazon basin countries, especially in humid, forested habitats.
36. Sabethes cyaneus
Sabethes cyaneus is one of the most visually striking mosquito species, known for its metallic coloration and elaborate, feathery legs. Native to the tropical forests of Central and South America, it is involved in the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever.
Identification and Physical Traits
- Small to medium-sized mosquito
- Metallic blue, green, or purple sheen on body
- Long hind legs with tufts of silver-white scales
- Narrow wings with subtle shine
- Distinctive, ornate appearance not typical of most mosquitoes
Biting Pattern and Feeding Behavior
Sabethes cyaneus bites during the day, especially in shaded forest areas. It feeds on mammals including monkeys and humans, but bites are often infrequent due to its limited contact with human populations. Its elegant flight and elusive nature make it difficult to detect.
Disease Risk and Public Health Threat
This species is a known sylvatic vector of yellow fever in forest environments. It plays a role in maintaining the virus among primate populations and may contribute to human cases when people enter forested areas. It is not a widespread urban vector.
Breeding Sites, Habitat, and Global Presence
It breeds in natural containers such as tree holes, bromeliads, and bamboo internodes filled with rainwater. Found in tropical forests of South and Central America, particularly in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama, it thrives in high-canopy, undisturbed environments with dense vegetation.
